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随时随地学习
1、There is consensus among Chinese people no country or individual can develop without copyright protection.
A.where B.who C.whether D.that
2、It took us quite a long time to get here. It was ______journey.
A.three-hour B.a three hour C.a three-hour D.three hours
3、Each soldier and sailor________ given a rifle when the ship landed.
A.were B.was C.are D.is
4、It turned out that she won the first prize in the petition, which was beyond her .
A. expectations B. reputations
C. contributions D. celebrations
5、—I just love living here in London. I mean, the culture, the parks, the restaurants...
— , it's not the cheapest place to live.
A．To put it another way
B．To be fair
C．To put it simply
D．To make things worse
6、—What about the meeting?
—The two sides were unable to reach an agreement，______，they lost the chance of working together.
A.In all B.In other words C.On the contrary D.After all
7、 As a film star she was a success, but as a wife she was ________ failure, so their marriage ended in ________ failure.
A．/; /
B．/; a
C．a; a
D．a; /
8、The hot, damp weather didn’t ________ him.
A. be suitable B. fit for
C. agree with D. fit in
9、---It’s a long time ______ I saw you last.
---Yes, and what a pity! It will be a long time _____ we see each other again.
A. when;when B. since;before C. before; since D. since;when
10、Travelling on the bad mountain roads is a(an)________ experience and I will never risk my life like that.
A. terrifying B. terrified
C. astonishing D. astonished
11、My mom’s ________ determined me to go on with my study.
A.encourages B.encouraged C.encouragement D.encourage
12、The big fire lasted as long as 24 hours ______________ it was brought under control.
A. after B. before
C. since D. while
13、Air travel is much more affordable and _______ to the masses than it was in the 1960 s.
A.portable B.elegant C.accessible D.beneficial
14、The cloth that she bought looks ______, feels ______ and sells _______.
A.beautiful; soft; well B.beauty; softly; well
C.beautifully; softly; good D.beautiful; soft; good
15、It is likely that we may ________ great benefits from such releases of genetically engineered organisms into the environment — providing they do what we expect them to.
A．invalidate
B．derive
C．prohibit
D．reserve
16、When I first met her, “I’m Lucy,” she said, _______ her hand.
A.held out B.held back C.holding out D.holding back
17、The newly-elected president officially a plan to break through the trade barrier.
A.laid off B.laid down C.laid out D.laid aside
18、—Is there a holiday recently?
—There_____ be. It has been informed that we will continue to study for another three weeks.
A.won’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.can’t
19、Bai women wear white and red costumes, _______ the men wear white shirts and long wide trousers.
A.while B.but C.because D.so
20、Neither believe nor reject anything because any other person has rejected or believed it. Which of the following differs from the statement in meaning?
A.Do not accept blindly other people’s likes or dislikes without careful independent thought.
B.One must think for oneself rather than simply seek agreement with others.
C.Don’t express your opinion hastily on anything others have commented on carefully.
D.We shouldn’t be influenced by others’ opinions easily while making our own judgement.
21、A clean environment can help the city bid for Olympics which ____ will promote its economic development.
A. in nature B. in return
C. in turn D. in fact
22、The urgent situation required that we ________ an immediate decision.
A.should make B.made C.have made D.had been made
23、Don’t get that ink on your shirt ,for it .
A.isn’t washing out B.won’t be washing out
C.won’t wash out D.doesn’t wash away
24、I was being _____ for a driving license for the third time.
A.desired B.tested C.taken D.asked
25、He greeted us with a wave and a ________ smile, obviously happy.
A.forced B.broad C.blank D.narrow
26、 Despite being the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest can’t escape the effects of climate change. According to two new studies published in iScience and One Earth, the air pressure near Everest’s top is rising, and the rate of glacier melt (冰川融化) is faster.
Last year, Aurora Elmore, a climate scientist at the National Geographic Society, helped send 34 scientists to Mount Everest to install (安装) the highest weather stations in the world. The exploration provided valuable data for both of the new studies, each of which Elmore co-authored.
In a study published in iScience, Elmore and a team of scientists set out to document how the atmospheric pressure on Everest has fluctuated since the 1970s. As climate change is causing the air to slowly thicken, which means more oxygen is available at higher altitudes. When temperature rises, molecules (分子) move faster. And when these molecules start to collide (碰撞) with each other, pressure increases.
To analyze the changes in the atmosphere, lead author Tom Matthews and his team collected data using those weather stations installed in 2019. They used the climate data to build models, which suggest that if global temperatures increase by 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, the maximum rate of oxygen consumption on Everest will increase by 5%.
The other study is published in One Earth. Owen King, from the University of St Andrews in the UK? and his team studied 79 glaciers and found that between 2009 and 2018, glaciers thinned at nearly twice the rate they did in the 1960s.
The results are concerning. Besides the 18 local communities living in the Himalayas, nearly two billion people depend on the mountain range for a source of fresh water. “Although faster melting might mean more water, it’s only a good thing for a little bit of time,” Elmore says. Worse still, if water melts too fast, it arrives in the form of floods, which people in the area are already experiencing.
【1】Why did the scientists install the weather stations on Everest?
A．To test their collected data on the mountain.
B．To make it easier to predict natural disasters.
C．To collect glaciological and atmospheric data.
D．To leave impressive marks on their exploration.
【2】What does the underlined word “fluctuated” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Changed.
B．Formed.
C．Improved.
D．Decreased.
【3】What is Elmore’s attitude towards glacier melt?
A．Unconcerned.
B．Worried.
C．Unclear.
D．Supportive.
【4】What is the text mainly about?
A．Why temperatures on Everest vary.
B．Natural disasters on Mount Everest.
C．Great concerns over Mount Everest.
D．How climate change affects Everest.
27、The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls
——By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
The tide rises, the tide falls,
Along the sea-sands damp and brown
The traveler hastens toward the town,
And the tide rises, the tide falls.
Darkness settles on roofs and walls,
But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls;
The little waves, with their soft, white hands
Efface the footprints in the sands,
And the tide rises, the tide falls.
The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls
Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls;
The day returns, but never more
Returns the traveler to the shore,
And the tides rises, the tide falls.
【1】What is the figurative meaning of the title “The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls” indicate?
A.The change of the ocean B.the sequence of human history
C.the coming and going of travelers D.the eternity of the natural world
【2】Which line is parallel to “The morning breaks: the steeds in their stalls”?
A.The tide rises, the tide falls
B.The twilight darkens, the curlew calls
C.Along the sea-sands damp and brown
D.The traveler hastens toward the town
【3】In stanza 2, the word “Efface” in line 4 is the closest to ________ in meaning.
A.Draw B.engrave
C.erase D.impress
【4】In stanza 3, “the day returns, but nevermore; returns the traveler to the shore”, the poet possibly means________.
A.Time hustles; people bustle
B.The traveler comes to the town just once
C.People will die while time goes on
D.If time had feelings, people would stay
28、 The cost of traveling to and from your destination can be the most expensive part of the trip.【1】 However, you also don't want to empty your bank account! Now, we are going to share some ways with you to get more for your vacation budget.
•Book accommodations with valuable“freebies(免费品).We love finding a place to stay that offers free breakfast.Not only does it save some cash, but it is hugely convenient!【2】.Pick a hotel that is convenient to where you will be spending the most time.Not only will it save you huge amounts of time, but it will save you money on local transportation!
•Be creative【3】.When we went to the Eiffel Tower, the lines for the elevator were super long.We noticed a different line that was shorter as we stood waiting.We learned that we could take the stairs without waiting in hardly any line, and it was much cheaper than taking the elevator!
•【4】.We are always looking for something free when we buy tickets to visit museums or book day trips.Whenever you can combine different activities into one price, and especially if there is a meal involved.it can be worth it.
•Consider" City Passes".You may have seen them advertised all over tourism websites."City passes"will get you all sorts of free admission, transportation and discounts.【5】
A.Don't go with the crowd
B.Also, location is a major factor
C.You are lucky to have free meals
D.Combine activities when possible
E.Research“Must-See” attraction websites
F.You don't want to spend less time on your trip
G.It's a convenient offer for tourists who care about their budget
29、What is a hero? We may think of the fictional characters with supernatural powers or great people who can influence world events. Now, as the nation continues its all-out efforts to fight against the novel coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19), medical staff have become heroes in the eyes of the public.
As of Feb 19, a total of 32,000 medical staff outside Hubei province have been working to treat patients around the center of the outbreak.
Zhang Dingyu, the president of Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, is one of these heroes. Since the hospital received the first seven patients in December, Zhang has been so busy that he barely gets any sleep. Even suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (肌萎缩侧索硬化), the 56-year-old doctor is doing his best to quicken his pace to save precious time for infected patients. “I have to run, racing against time to save more patients from the deadly disease, because I don’t have much time left in my life,” Zhang told Xinhua News Agency.
With the duty of saving lives, many medical professionals like Zhang have been working long hours for days, despite their fear and worries.
Lu Jingjing from Wuhan Children’s Hospital also works at a temporary mobile hospital. She does not let her parents know that she is now working with novel coronavirus-infected patients.
When her parents ask for a video chat, Lu says she is working and lets her husband and children chat with them instead.
“It’s dangerous but we should win the battle with the virus as soon as possible, so that medical staff and patients can go back home,” she told China Daily.
US writer Khalil Gibran (1883-1931) once wrote, “Tenderness and kindness are not signs of weakness and despair, but the manifestations of strength and resolution.” It’s true for the medical workers.
Everyone has fear, especially when it comes to deadly diseases. But for medical staff, saving lives comes first and is enough for them to be brave and stay on the front. They may look like ordinary people in daily life, but in these extraordinary times, they are heroes.
【1】What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article?
A．To explain what makes a modern-day hero.
B．To praise medical staff for their efforts to fight the NCP.
C．To describe what measures China has taken to deal with the virus.
D．To show the difficulties faced by medical staff treating NCP patients.
【2】What do we learn from Zhang Dingyu’s words?
A．His illness has turned him into an impatient man.
B．His illness makes him work without fear.
C．He feels sorry for himself because of his illness.
D．He wants to help as many patients as possible.
【3】Why doesn’t Lu Jingjing answer her parents’ video calls?
A．She is too busy and has no time for video chats.
B．She doesn’t want her parents to worry about her.
C．It’s not allowed to make a video call from the hospital.
D．There is no WiFi signal at the temporary mobile hospital.
【4】The underlined word “manifestations” in the second-to-last paragraph probably means “_______”.
A．results
B．differences
C．indications
D．advantages
30、 Li Jiaqi is well-known to millions of Chinese women-----from young working professionals to famous Chinese actress . But he is not a movie star. He is famous for his successful live-stream sales records of making up products , ______ lipsticks, which has earned him the _______of “the No 1 seller of lipstick.”
“Buy it! Buy it! Buy it” is Li’s catchy line, and it seems to _____. Going from a beauty adviser at L’Oreal to a national internet celebrity with over 9 million followers on Weibo in only two years, Li now earns an annual income of more than US$1.4 million . His record of selling 15,000 lipsticks within five ______on 2018’s Singles’ Day remains unbroken. ____ last year’s presale Single’ Day launch, Li went extremely popular online over several weeks. ______, a recent video of Li advertising for a non-stick pan, which is now being called the “rollover incident” , is making consumers _____his credibility.
In the video, Li ______ viewers to purchase the pan, produced by Cooker King, by emphasizing ____ eggs would not stick to the pan and having his assistant demonstrate. But ___ , the pan failed the test miserably, _____ eggs stuck to the pan’s entire surface.The incident, which seems to have_____Li’s credibility , makes netizens question about the live-stream medium.
Though it seems to be extremely profitable working with these internet celebrities, brands need to keep a few things in mind. First of all, you need to choose a person whose image and personality ______your brand. Additionally, in working with the celebrity, marketers need to identify if the person is as popular as they claim.
Finding a trustworthy person that also fits your brand is the first step to success, but it is not easy to find one as there are a _____amount of top celebrity available and they also need to be ______with your product. A few companies have already started to train their own sales people to become live-streaming hosts, as they already know their products well.
【1】A.additionally B.especially C.similarly D.probably
【2】A.title B.choice C.champion D.fan
【3】A.impact B.react C.work D.effect
【4】A.minutes B.seconds C.hours D.days
【5】A.since B.before C.after D.until
【6】A.however B.thus C.though D.instead
【7】A.question B.appreciate C.trust D.hate
【8】A.called in B.called on C.called out D.called for
【9】A.how B.what C.when D.whether
【10】A.fortunately B.happily C.sadly D.miserably
【11】A.therefore B.as C.while D.though
【12】A.strengthened B.weakened C.deepened D.worsened
【13】A.matches B.resembles C.changes D.fits
【14】A.limited B.large C.great D.unexpected
【15】A.satisfied B.happy C.familiar D.content
31、 Events began to unfold on Saturday on the beach when Amy and her husband saw their two sons screaming for help in the sea. The couple tried to rescue the boys，____ they also became caught in the riptide（裂流区）. Several other family members，______ to save the struggling boys, became trapped as well.______ there was no lifeguard there. The ______ was getting more serious. The victims had been struggling to keep their heads ______ water for a while, and became ______ .
Beach goers started ______ the crowd of onlookers to form a human chain. Although several of them couldn't ______ swim themselves, they linked arms and ______ into the sea. Among the onlookers was Simmons, whose husband told the crowd to ______ a chain. As she watched the human chain ______ to the victims, she knew that she could help. “I am a(n) ______ swimmer,” Simmons said “I was ______ I could get them to the human chain.”
Simmons and her husband then ______ surfing boards and swam down the chain until they got close to the struggling swimmers. First, they helped the two boys ______ the human chain. Then, they went back for Amy, who was just starting to lose ______ . When the last ______ was brought back to the beach, the crowd cheered.
Over eighty onlookers formed a human chain to save nine people from a ______ riptide. This courageous rescue proves that anyone ______ be a hero. It is the onlookers' quick action and ______ that saved several lives.
【1】A. but B. and C. since D. while
【2】A. managing B. attempting C. failing D. refusing
【3】A. Eventually B. Fortunately C. Hopefully D. Unluckily
【4】A. atmosphere B. environment C. situation D. position
【5】A. above B. beneath C. into D. toward
【6】A. disappointed B. confused C. thrilled D. exhausted
【7】A. appealing for B. calling out C. taking on D. turning down
【8】A. also B. even C. still D. already
【9】A. jumped B. fled C. marched D. dived
【10】A. cast B. form C. elect D. apply
【11】A. stretch B. rush C. climb D. roll
【12】A. clumsy B. awful C. superb D. common
【13】A. persuaded B. convinced C. concerned D. informed
【14】A. ignored B. spotted C. abandoned D. grabbed
【15】A. reach B. separate C. fasten D. cut
【16】A. strength B. consciousness C. memory D. awareness
【17】A. onlooker B. lifeguard C. victim D. rider
【18】A. calm B. mil C. poisonous D. dangerous
【19】A. must B. should C. can D. shall
【20】A. caution. B. skill C. competence D. bravery
32、Last semester in my final year of high school, I had Mr. Smith as my teacher, a teacher that I can never forget.
I was not necessarily the best student when it came to taking__________ While I_________learning, I had to work extra hard to get good_________. Anyways, this class that I truly enjoyed still had me_________to do well on my exams. Mr. Smith _________helped me and was always ready to answer my questions, which I greatly_________.
I remember the day of taking my final exam, I was the last one still writing and_________my exam paper as always, while everyone else had_________and left the exam room. Having_________my exam paper, I had thought to leave,__________I decided to turn around and say what I intended to say.
What I did right then was that I went over,__________to Mr. Smith and thanked him for everything. What I said to him lastly apparently__________a lot more to him than I thought it would –"I really enjoyed this class." I did not think much about it. I was just being__________with him, but the look of surprise and__________on his face was remarkable. He seemed deeply__________and thanked me for my simple__________, just knowing that one of his students had truly enjoyed his class. That is what I call a simple, yet very meaningful act of kindness to__________a teacher's day, because they work so hard for us and truly__________us to learn.
I firmly believe such a simple compliment(赞美)can make somebody else's day extra__________. So always give acts of kindness a____________even a teenager can do it!
【1】
A．tests
B．exercise
C．notes
D．chances
【2】
A．forgot
B．enjoyed
C．permitted
D．hated
【3】
A．approaches
B．marks
C．attention
D．advice
【4】
A．struggling
B．pretending
C．offering
D．hesitating
【5】
A．calmly
B．curiously
C．willingly
D．proudly
【6】
A．advocated
B．appreciated
C．regretted
D．ignored
【7】
A．designing
B．reciting
C．reviewing
D．grading
【8】
A．finished
B．copied
C．succeeded
D．repeated
【9】
A．put away
B．turned in
C．longed for
D．given up
【10】
A．because
B．though
C．but
D．so
【11】
A．waved
B．signed
C．pointed
D．bowed
【12】
A．meant
B．showed
C．took
D．explained
【13】
A．patient
B．honest
C．popular
D．strict
【14】
A．interest
B．admiration
C．doubt
D．joy
【15】
A．amused
B．touched
C．concerned
D．confused
【16】
A．wish
B．report
C．tip
D．remark
【17】
A．lengthen
B．record
C．brighten
D．schedule
【18】
A．force
B．motivate
C．command
D．promise
【19】
A．special
B．lucky
C．short
D．smooth
【20】
A．smile
B．gift
C．look
D．try
33、Last week I went shopping in the supermarket. I got to the front of the ___________ and put my groceries through the checkout. I was about to pay, when I ___________ that I didn't have my bankcard with me. I _________.Then I remembered I left it at home when I ___________ something online. All I had was $30 in notes and some coins in my wallet. I was short ___________ at least $25, and I needed to buy most of the items.
I started to ___________ to the checkout lady. "I'm sorry, I stop the queue. Can I put these things back, and then think I'll ___________ these. Oh, no, need that."
An Irish lady was ___________ behind me, next in the queue. "Excuse me, Dear," she said. "Oh, I'm so sorry," I replied, "I'm ___________ you up." "Of course not. I know ____________ you feel. This happens to all of us at some point. Now please use my ____________ to pay the bill and you can be on your way."
I was astonished by her kindness, ____________ even. No matter how I insisted otherwise, she was ________ to help me. Afterwards I asked for her telephone number to ____________ and pay her back. "No," she said, "rather pay it forward. You may do a good deed for the next person in need."
By helping others, can we start chain ____________ of positive feeling and charity that can benefit our whole society?
【1】
A．table
B．supermarket
C．queue
D．shelf
【2】
A．realized
B．knew
C．recognized
D．observed
【3】
A．hesitated
B．paused
C．panicked
D．struggled
【4】
A．explored
B．purchased
C．advocated
D．delivered
【5】
A．by
B．under
C．on
D．with
【6】
A．cry
B．apologise
C．complain
D．explain
【7】
A．borrow
B．drop
C．follow
D．take
【8】
A．standing
B．supporting
C．blaming
D．shouting
【9】
A．turning
B．putting
C．joining
D．holding
【10】
A．what
B．how
C．why
D．when
【11】
A．card
B．fame
C．income
D．identity
【12】
A．abnormal
B．anxious
C．embarrassed
D．desperate
【13】
A．convinced
B．determined
C．excited
D．reluctant
【14】
A．fit in
B．get through
C．look up
D．get in touch
【15】
A．reaction
B．sympathy
C．satisfaction
D．relationship
34、根据句意填空
In the USA, the Amish-a Christian group-are famous because they drive 【1】 instead of cars, do not use TVs or refrigerators, and do not have personal telephones. Many people assume the Amish must have 【2】 reasons for their many rules, but this is not true. In truth, whenever a new technology is introduced, the Amish meet and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. They then vote on whether they will accept it. The Amish 【3】 cars because they like having 【4】 communities where everyone lives close together. They have no TVs or refrigerators because their homes do not have electricity-they do not think it is necessary and 【5】 dealing with strangers, such as the people who work at the electric company.
35、课文填空
The Sundance Film Festival 【1】 boycotts all Hollywood films, and we don’t foresee ever including them. The initial idea for our festival was 【2】 back in l978. when it was known as the Utah/US Film Festival. However, it was not well known until 1981. It was then that Robert Redford became its 【3】 and changed the focus to independent films, often made on very modest 【4】 It was given its new name-the Sundance Film Festival-in 1991. Redford has acted in and directed many big Hollywood films, but wanted to 【5】 the public to films made outside of the Hollywood system
36、Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Knowledge is free on the Internet at a small but 【1】 number of colleges and universities. About 160 schools around the world now put free course materials on the web to the 【2】. Recent additions in the United States 【3】 projects at Yale, Johns Hopkins and the University of California, Berkeley.
Berkeley said it would offer videos of lectures on YouTube. Free videos from other schools are 【4】 at the Apple iTunes store.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) became an early 【5】 with its Open Course Ware project, first 【6】 in 2001. Free lecture notes, exams and other resources are published at ocw.mit.edu. Many exams even include the answers. Today, Open Course Ware offers materials from 1,800 undergraduate and graduate courses. These 【7】 from Physics to Political Science. Visitors can learn the same things as MIT students learn. But as the site points out, Open Course Ware is not an MIT education. Visitors receive no credit toward a degree. Some materials from a course may not be available, and the site does not provide 【8】 with teachers. Still, MIT says that the site has had forty million visits by thirty-one million visitors from almost every country. Sixty percent of the visitors are from outside the United States and Canada. Students and educators use the site, including students at MIT. But the largest number of visitors, about half, are self-learners.
Some professors have become well-known around the world as a result of 【9】 online. Walter Lewin, a physics professor at MIT, is 【10】 popular. Fans enjoy his entertaining lectures. MIT Open Course Ware now includes materials for high school. The aim is to improve education in Science, Technology, Math and Engineering.
37、按照课文内容填空
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were【1】, but today they are accepted as the beginning of【2】we call “modern art’. This is because the Impressionists 【3】artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles, but 【4】the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter doesn’t 【5】to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, 【6】instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, 【7】color, line and shape to represent them. On the【8】hand, some paintings of modern art are so 【9】 that they look photographs. These styles are so different. Who can【10】what painting styles there will be in the future?
38、假如你是李华，请你代表所在的红星中学写一封英文感谢信，致意奋战在抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎第一线的医护人员，要点如下:
1. 表达谢意；2. 感谢的原因；3. 表达信心。
注意:
1.词数80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头语和结束语已为你写好，不计入词数。
Dear medical workers,
I am Li Hua from Hongxing Middle School.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
39、假如你是李华，你的英国朋友Owen(欧文）正在中国学汉语，请你给他写一封邀请信，邀请他参加你校主办的“书香校园网络读书周”活动来帮助他提高汉语水平。
内容要点：
1.发出邀请；
2.活动安排（读书周的时间，形式，内容）；
3.期待回复。
注意：1．词数100左右； 2．可以适当增加内容，以使行文连贯。
提示词：书香校园网络读书周Shuxiang Campus Network Reading Week
40、假如你是李华。你校交换生Nancy想学写中国毛笔字,请你给她推荐书法老师和书法课。请根据下面的写作要点给她写一封邮件。内容包括:
1.介绍老师的情况
2.授课时间和地点
3.课前准备事项
注意:
1.词数100左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
参考词汇: 写毛笔字brush writing (n.) ; 书法calligraphy(n.)
Dear Nancy,
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Yours,
Li Hua
41、阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
In 1971, China’s first subway line in Beijing was formally put into operation. By December 2017, there were 171 subway lines stretching over 5,083 km in 35 cities on the Chinese mainland. Currently, China has the longest urban railway network in the world, which is predicted to surpass 6000 km by 2020.
The rapid development of China’s urban railway system reflects the country’s growing economic strength. The system has experienced the fastest growth over the past 15 years due to the investment of wealth accumulated from the reform and opening up in urban infrastructure construction. An urban railway system is expensive to build, with one kilometer of subway costing approximately 700 million yuan ($110 million). A city without economic strength cannot develop such an expensive system.
The progress in urban railway construction technologies has also contributed to the fast expansion of the infrastructure. Subway construction involves building underground tunnels, laying rails, manufacturing trains and the operation and management of subways. It is a systematic project which not only covers traditional infrastructure building but also modem electronics and information technology. China s railway construction technologies are the best in the world, with Chinese subway trains now exported to developed countries including the United States.
The expansion of Chinese cities has made it necessary to develop urban railway systems. Since the start of the reform and opening up, a large number of people have migrated to cities and the number of private cars has increased dramatically, resulting in serious traffic congestion. Building subways has become an important way to solve this problem.
This year marks the 40th anniversary of the launch of China’s reform and opening up, and the rapid development of China’s urban railway system exemplifies the achievements made by the policy. As China furthers its opening up, it will continue to maintain steady and rapid economic growth and railway systems will be available in more and more cities.
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